Yogyakarta Sultanate: Why does Yogyakarta special place in Indonesia?
Yogyakarta sultanate is the Javanese monarchy founded in 1755 after the Giyanti Agreement. This agreement caused a strong mataram sultanate to divide Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Sultan Hamengkubuwono, I found the sultanate of Yogyakarta, I found it as a political, cultural and spiritual center in Central Java.
Unlike many traditional monarchies in Nusantara, colonization and modern statehood, Yogyakarta played a critical role during the Indonesian national revolution. Thanks to this important role, Yogyakarta continues to hold a special autonomous status within the Indonesian Republic.
In modern Indonesia, the sultanity is not only a symbol of traditional and Javanese heritage. The sultanate became a unique monarchy and the republic together.
Origin of yogyakarta sultanate
Yogyakarta sultanate, in the late 16th century Java, a Islamic Kingdom in Java, follows the origin of several powerful matarames. Over time, internal political conflicts and the Dutch intervention weakened the sultanate of the mataram.
On February 13, 1755, Giyanti was filtration in signing the negligence contract. The agreement was officially divided into two separate kingdoms in the sultanum:
- Surakarta Sultanli, under Pakubuwono III
- Yogyakarta will make the sultanate, Prince Mangkubumi, Sultan Hamengkubuwono
With this agreement, the Dutch company company (VOC) succeeds many local energy in Java and strengthens control over Java. The opponent played Javanese fractions against each other and gained a greater impact in the Dutch region.
First, Prince Mangkubumi, Mataram was the main member of the royal family. VOC’s Mataram showed dissatisfaction with the intervention of the Royal Court. Its dissatisfaction brotherly Pakubuwono led to rebellion and civil war against Holland.
Setting up Yogyakarta
Civil War has been several years and caused deep political fractures in Java. In 1749, resistance to the Netherlands and the Mataram court intensified, and strengthened Dutch control. In response, the Netherlands, Prince Mangkabumi’nin Mataram offered a contract that provides control of the southern half.
There Prince Mangkabuni founded a new court on a new Javanese kingdom in Yogyakartarta. Sultan Hamengkubuwono, where the dynasty continued to date, changed its title so far.
In 1756, the greens set up the palace known as Yogyakarta’s Craton. This city and the royal palace became the heart of the new kingdom. Town Ngayogyakarta HadinGrat Yogyakarta grew rapidly around Krato, became a new center of Javanese culture, resistance and the Islamic monarchy.
Yogyakarta during the colonial period
Although Sultan Hamengkubuwono had a newly formed sultanate, I kept their autonomy and influenced the political decisions of the Sultanate of the Netherlands. As a result, Voc, Dutch residents expanded the relationship with Dutch residents with Kraton (Royal Palace) (Royal Palace) will serve as consultants who dictate the main political, military and economic decisions.
When VOC collapses in 1799 due to corruption and bankruptcy, the Dutch colonial state seized all the holdings in Nusantara. The new Dutch rulers continued to control the sultanate of Yogyakarta, who wanted to turn the symbol reputation directly to management.
However, when the Netherlands defeated the Netherlands in Java in 1811 in 1811, English colonial colonial Sir Thomas Stamford Rafflor is like Lieutenania-Governor as Lieutenania-Governor.
In response, Sultan Hamengkubuwono resisted the English II and collided with a medical noise soon. Sir Stamford, who is nervous from the sultan’s sustainable opposition, has a military aggression in Yogyakarta, which placed 1000 troops consisting of 1000 troops, grenadiers, Royal artillery, Dragoons, Dragoons and India.
In June 1812, the troops on the British Troops Colonel Gillepsi attacked the Craton of Yogyakarta. In less than 1 night, the British troops managed the Craton and Krato for the first time in a Javanese Royal Court of Europe. The results were humiliating for the sultanate:
- Sultan Hamengkubuwono was forced to overdo the II again.
- The son of the British was installed as a doll ruler of Hamengkubuwono III.
- The British brought the royal treasures and artistic works to Britain.
Return to the Netherlands to Yogyakarta
In 1816, the British resumed the colonial rule of the Netherlands in 1816, returned to the stronger and more centralized. It was learned from the failures of the Netherlands and the management of the British leadership and the management of the British. The Netherlands began to control the Javanese royal areas.
Yogyakarta, along with Surakarta, became the Dutch VorstenlandenThose who are widely known as semi-autonomous Princely, direct colony. This system allows Sultan to complete the religious and cultural issues. Meanwhile, the Dutch colonizer has controlled governance, foreign relations, tax, military and land policy.
Although the sultanate remains, it does not have a political authority, and many are seen as a doll government. Nevertheless, this period saw cultural revival in Java:
- The Royal Court continued to maintain traditional art, literature and ceremonies.
- Yogyakarta was a cultural castle for his identity as Javanese culture and an increasingly western presence.
Role of sultanate in the Yogyakarta Java War
The colonial period of Yogyakarta sultanate, the experience welcomed by the lower report by strong internal sustainability. In 1825-1830, the famous Prince Diponegoro and Yogyakarta, a famous prince diponegoro and Yogyakarta, leads a famous resistance to the Netherlands. This resistance was erupted and became a full-scale war known as the War of Java.
Diponegoro’s forces used a guide warfare to the war, as framed as Jihad against foreign invaders. The five-year conflict died 200,000 Javanese and 15,000 Dutch soldiers, one of the most deadly wars in the colonial history of Indonesia.
After the war, the war weakened the strength of the sultanate and eliminated the Netherlands to strengthen the colonial power. However, the sultanate still maintained its cultural leadership and put a strong repair for the next role in Indonesia’s independence movement.
In addition, the war was dried in the Netherlands and exposed the risks of direct confrontation with local kingdoms. In response to this, the development system of the Netherlands or tastewuts (In the 1830s), forced labor policy aimed at gaining income from cash, such as sugar and coffee.
The war for Indonesia became a symbol of the most sustainable resistance to Indonesia. Diponegoro itself occurred as a legendary person in the national consciousness. The resistance of the Netherlands turned him into patriotism and victim. In recognizing his contributions, the Indonesian government responds to the National Hero of Indonesia, where he still continues to inspire younger generations.
Sultan’s role during the Indonesian National Revolution
Between 1900 and 1945, Yogyakarta navigated the sultanate, colonial power, administrative reform and a complex period of war. During this period, the sultanate was a unique state state to the nominal autonomy of the sultanity as a unique state state.
Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII, with the colonial leadership, diplomatic relations, education and infrastructure encouraged the modernization. His successor, Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII, continued its policy of traditional power balancing his father’s policy with gradual reforms.
In the early 20th century, Archipelaga witnessed the magnitude of the nationalist feelings, which the intellectuals of the sultanate began to engage in the same ideas of independence from the colonial government. However, the situation has changed sharply during the occupation of Japanese forces in East India.
The Japanese allowed Yogyakarta to work with relative autonomy under the control of the sultannality. Sultan Hamengkubuwo İx rose over the throne in 1940, and used it to maintain administrative experience and protecting his people from the lack of forced labor and food.
By the end of World War II, there was a political vacuum in the archipelago, including Java. Political chaos in the region, the Sultan Center occurred as a stabilizing force in Javada. Sultan Hamengkubuwono Under the IX leader, the sultanum supports the idea of a sovereign Republic of Indonesia.
The role of Sultan’s support for the new republic
After Indonesia declared independence, the Netherlands returned and tried to protect their strength in Indonesia. Yogyakarta’s sultanate played a decisive role in supporting the efforts to protect Indonesia’s independence (Wiszowaty and Wahyuni, 2023).
After a month later a month after Indonesia’s declaration of independence, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, Yogyakarta announced an announcement that will be part of the new republic. In addition, during the Netherlands’s occupation (Modern Day Jakarta), Yogyakarta city was a temporary capital of Indonesia in 1946-1949).
The announcement of September 5 has become a key that forms a mixed political system within the Indonesian Republic. During this period, Yogyakarta met with the conditions for being a separate state with the territory of Sultan, the population, resource, government and stable foreign relations.
Instead of building a separate state, Sultan has announced the part of the new republic’s Yogyakarta. The movement of the sultan has strengthened its position as a new state, adopted as a form of special recognition of Indonesia.
In December 1949, after the Hollands officially transferred sovereignty, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX officially rejected the sovereign rule and allowed Yogyakarta to fully integrate the country. In 1950, the Central Government gave the status of autonomy in Yogyakarta, an autonomy Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Special region of Yogyakarta), serving as governor for life with Sultan – a unique regulation that still exists today.
Yogyakarta sultanate in modern Indonesia
In today’s modern Indonesia, Yogyakarta sultanate is a unique and influential position. The most common sultanities in Indonesia only served in symbolic and cultural roles, Indonesia, Yogyakarta gave an exception to an exception.
The Indonesian government, Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (DAERAH Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIAKAKAKA) Yogyakarta (DIA) Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIYAKA (DIY) is a legal administrative status, which is DAERAKAKA Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Today, the dominant Monarch, Sultan Hamengkubuwono X continues the cultural traditions of the sultanate, but also serves as a governor of Yogyakarta. This role was made by the Royal Lineage than the election. His leadership combines a traditional Javanese monarchy with modern regional governance with modern regional management with the ideals of the Republican.
Moreover, Yogyakarta sultanate continues to play a key role in the protection of Javanese culture, heritage and language. Royal Palace (Kraton) remains a spiritual body that attracts both the central and spiritual authorities and spiritual rituals and spiritual authorities.
References
https://www.kratonjogja.id/cical-bakal/
Sejarah Kesultanan Dan Yogyakarta Dalam Perjanjian Giyanti
https://dioramarsip.jogjaprov.go.id/Sejarah?periode=2
Wiszowaty, MM and Wahyuni, I., 2023. Monarchy in the Republic – Sultanate of Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia. Przegląd Prawa Kontytucycyjnego, (6), p., Pp.321-336. Available: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2023.06.23 (Acquired on June 8, 2025).
